
NGC4151的吸积盘呈蓝色,紧邻星系中心的黑洞。
包括密歇根大学天文学家在内的科研人员正揭示吸积盘产生的风或外流如何重塑其宿主星系。
这些外流以纤细的浅蓝色线条呈现,吹拂过环绕黑洞的偏橙色气体云。
图片来源:JAXA
来自超大质量黑洞的强劲风可能是导致宇宙中一些最大星系恒星形成速率低于预期的原因。

天文学家们正在借助X射线成像和光谱学任务(XRISM)获得关于宇宙最大谜题的新见解。
密歇根大学的研究人员发现了证据,表明由超大质量黑洞驱动的强大风力可能解释了为什么最大的星系中包含的恒星数量少于科学家们的预期。

当前理论预测,这些巨型星系所拥有的恒星质量应远高于其实际观测值。
新研究结果表明,黑洞可通过驱散星系中形成新恒星所需的气体,从而抑制恒星形成。

黑洞风可能正在阻止新恒星的形成
黑洞以其强大的引力而闻名,一旦光线越过事件视界便无法逃脱。
然而,在该边界之外,黑洞还能形成吸积盘——一个由气体和尘埃组成的旋转环状结构,它在电磁波谱范围内发出强烈辐射,包括X射线。

条件在吸积盘内部极为剧烈。
当物质向内螺旋运动时,摩擦和引力将其加热成一个极热的等离子体,使电子从原子中剥离出来。
这种湍流环境还可以引发强大的风,将气体推离星系。
如果这些风足够强大,它们可以移除未来恒星形成所需的原始材料。

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利用XRISM任务的观测数据——该任务由日本宇宙航空研究开发机构主导,并与美国国家航空航天局及欧洲航天局合作开展——密歇根大学博士研究生辛辛迪翔发现了支持这一情景的证据。

previously,withoutXRISM,wecouldonlyseebroadfeaturesoftheoutflows.Butyouneedtobeabletoresolvefinefeaturestoanswerimportantquestions.Whatistheirstructureandgeometry?Howarethewindslaunchedandwhenaretheylaunched? translationpreviously,withoutXRISM,我们可以只看到outflows的broadfeatures.但你need能够解决finefeaturestoanswerimportantquestions.它们的结构和几何是什么?winds被launchlikewhenaretheylaunched?

XRISM为黑洞外流提供了前所未有的视角
XRISM于2023年发射升空,于2024年秋季开始科学观测。
其X射线能量分辨率约为其前身的10倍,使天文学家能够以更高精度研究黑洞周围环境。
向和她的同事们专注于NGC4151,这是一个距离地球5000多万光年的明亮星系。
在其核心存在一个活跃的星系核(AGN),那里有一个超大质量黑洞正在积极吞噬周围的物质。
这一过程形成了一个明亮的吸积盘,使该星系成为研究高速外流现象的理想实验室。
借助XRISM,我们获得了观测最亮活动星系核时的最高分辨率,并且正在获取迄今为止关于吸积盘外流最为丰富的信息。
向说道。
此前,项与密歇根大学天文学教授乔恩米勒合作研究发现,NGC4151吸积盘内产生的风速足以将物质从星系中吹离。
她的研究还指出,磁离心驱动机制是驱动这些风的成因,该过程类似于引发太阳耀斑的作用力。
新方法揭示最快风速出现的时间
在第248次美国天文学学会会议上,向在加利福尼亚州帕萨迪纳举行的会议上介绍了一种新方法,用于准确确定NGC4151星系风何时开始活跃。
由于活动星系核风可以随时间发生显著变化,Xiang分析了XRISM对NGC4151长达数百天的观测数据。
她寻找该星系X射线亮度中的峰值现象,即所谓的耀斑,并追踪这些信号在随后数小时内的演化过程。
colorintensityindexisanewmetricproposedbyMillertomeasurethelevelofXraydetectedinawaycomparabletocolorinvisiblelight.Ifyouhaveanyotherquestions,pleasefeelfreetoask.
部分原因是因为我的名字叫辛迪,向说道,但这一概念的含义是,未来你可以告诉我此刻你的信源的‘辛迪度’,我就能据此判断你观测到快速外流的概率。
X射线与黑洞风之间的首个直接时序关联
在NGC4151中,向翔发现最强的快速喷流出现在X射线能量较高但亮度相对较弱的时候。
令人意外的是,最快的外流现象并未出现在X射线耀斑发生的瞬间,而通常是在耀斑发生约10,000秒,即不到三小时之后才出现。
这一延迟首次直接揭示了X射线辐射变化与强大外流之间的时序关联,而这种外流能够通过抑制新恒星的形成来重塑星系。
相关知识
X射线是一种波长极短、能量很高的电磁波,由原子内层电子跃迁或高速电子骤然减速时产生。
它具有强穿透能力,能穿过软组织但被骨骼等密度较高物质部分吸收,因此广泛应用于医学影像、材料检测和科学研究等领域。
X射线不可见,需借助特殊设备探测,过量接触可能损伤生物组织,使用时需采取适当防护措施。
BY: Matt Davenport, University of Michigan
FY: AI
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